| Emperor of the French | |
|---|---|
| Former Monarchy | |
| Imperial | |
| Imperial Coat of arms | |
| Napoleon III | |
| First monarch | Napoleon I |
| Last monarch | Napoleon III |
| Style | His Imperial Majesty |
| Official residence | Élysée Palace, Paris |
| Monarchy started | 18 May 1804 02 December 1852 |
| Monarchy ended | 22 June 1815 04 September 1870 |
| Current pretender | Jean Christophe |
The Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title used by the Bonaparte Dynasty starting when Napoleon Bonaparte was given the title Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the French Senate and was crowned emperor of the French on 02 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, in Paris with the Crown of Napoleon.
The title emphasized that the emperor ruled over "the French people", the nation, and not over France, the republic. The title was purposefully created to preserve the appearance of the French Republic and to show that after the French Revolution the feudal system was abandoned and a nation state was created, with equal citizens as the subjects of their emperor. (After 01 January 1809, the state was officially referred to as the French Empire.[1]) The title of "Emperor of the French" was supposed to demonstrate that Napoleon's coronation was not a restoration of monarchy, but an introduction of a new political system: the Empire of the French (Empire des Français). Napoleon's reign lasted until 22 June 1815 when he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled and imprisoned on the island of Saint Helena, where he died on 05 May 1821. His reign was interrupted by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 and his own exile to Elba, from where he escaped less than a year later to reclaim the throne, reigning as Emperor for another 94 days before his final defeat and exile.
Less than a year following the French coup of 1851 by Napoleon's Nephew Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, which ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly, the Second French Republic was transformed into the Second French Empire, established by a referendum on 07 November 1852. President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, elected by the French people, officially became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, from the symbolic and historic date of 02 December 1852.
His reign persisted to the fourth of September, 1870, although he became captured at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War. He was then forced into exile through England until he died on 09 January 1873.
Since the early death of his only son Louis Napoléon in 1879, the House of Bonaparte has had a number of claimants to the French throne. The current claimant is Jean Christophe, who became head of the house of Bonaparte on 03 May 1997.
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The Emperors of the French had various titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the House of Bonaparte.
His Imperial and Royal Majesty Napoleon I, By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine and the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation.
His Imperial Majesty Napoleon II, By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French.
His Imperial Majesty Napoleon III, By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French.[2]
| Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleon I | 18 May 1804 | 11 April 1814 | • N/A |
| Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleon I | 20 March 1815 | 22 June 1815 | • Self |
| Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleon II | 22 June 1815 | 7 July 1815 | • Son of Napoleon I |
According to his father's will of 1815, Napoleon II was the legitimate heir to the throne, his father having abdicated in his favor. However, the young child's reign was entirely fictional, as he was residing in Austria with his mother. Louis XVIII was reinstalled as king on 07 July.
| Portrait | Name | Emperor From | Emperor Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napoleon III | 2 December 1852 | 4 September 1870 | • Nephew of Napoleon I • Cousin of Napoleon II |
| Portrait | Name | Pretender From | Pretender Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Louis Napoléon | 9 January 1873 | 1 June 1879 | • Great-Nephew of Napoleon I • Second Cousin of Napoleon II • Son of Napoleon III |
Was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his Empress consort Eugénie de Montijo. His early death in Africa sent shock waves throughout Europe, as he was the last dynastic hope for the restoration of the Bonapartes to the throne of France.